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Benin Bronzes

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A Benin Bronze plaque on display in the British Museum

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Benin kɔbere no yɛ kuw a ɛyɛ mpem pii[1] dadeɛ abopon ne ahoni a ɛsiesiee Benin Ahemman

Ahemfie, wɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Edo Mantam, Nigeria. Benin kɔbere akuoakuo a mprempren ɛwɔ Igun Street a wɔsan frɛ no Igun-Eronmwon Quarters no na wɔyɛɛ dade abopon no. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, nneɛma no yɛ Benin adwinni ho nhwɛso a eye sen biara na efi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu na edofo mfoniniyɛfo na wɔbɔɔ no[2][3][4][5][6]. Nkyerɛmu a wofre no edo kasa mu no[7], kyerɛ nsem a ewo ahennie no abakɔsɛm mu[8].[9] Sɛ yɛde nsensanee no to nkyɛn a, ahoni afoforo a ɛwɔ kɔbere anaa kɔbere mu no bi ne mfonini ti, agude, ne nneɛma nketenkete. Afeha a ɛto so 16 benin kɔbere a ɛkyerɛ Portugalni sraani bi, a manilla ahorow wɔ akyi (Leipzig Tete Nneɛma Akorae a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a wɔte saa so) no bi yɛ afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu ahoni a ɛyɛ nwonwa no bi, nanso nea wogyee no fa kɛse no ara firi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wogye di sɛ "sika mfe" abien a ɛwɔ Benin dade adwumayɛ mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735–1750) nniso mu, bere a wɔn adwumayɛ nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn sen biara no[4]. Britania asraafo na wɔfaa abopon ne nneɛma afoforɔ dodow no ara wɔ Benin Akwantu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1897 mu no mu bere a na wɔreboaboa Britania Ahemman no tumi so wɔ Nigeria kesee fam no[9]. Saa akwantuo yi na Britaniafoɔ nsɛm gyinaa so sɛ ɛyɛ awerediɛ a wɔde tuaa Britania asomafoɔ kuo bi a wɔankura akodeɛ ne wɔn Afrikafoɔ

Ancestral shrine in Royal Palace, Benin City, 1891: the earliest-known photograph of the Oba's compound. Note 'bronze' heads at both ends of the shrine.

a wɔsoa wɔn no dodoɔ bi wɔ Ɔbɛnem 1897. Nnɛyi nwomanimfoɔ binom, te sɛ Dan Hicks, kyerɛ sɛ akwantuo no yɛ akwantuo no fa a ɛtrɛ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a wɔde bɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so, a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ho ban, na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu, na wɔde sika a wɔde bɛtua wɔn ho ban. Wɔ akwantu no akyi no, wɔde asinasin ahanu kɔɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ London no, bere a wɔde nea aka no kɔɔ Europa tete nneɛma akorae afoforo mu[4]. Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae[9] na ɛwɔ dodoɔ kɛseɛ bi a ɛwɔ nneɛma foforɔ a ɛda nsow wɔ Germany ne United Statesk[10].

Ansa na 1897 reba no

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Wɔkyerɛe sɛ bere a edi 1897 anim, wɔ Benin Ahemman no bere so no, na ɛyɛ ahofadi ne tumi a ɛfa ho, a wɔsan frɛ no Edo Ahemman no. Nea ɛka ho ansa na 1897 reba a Benin Ahemman no kyerɛ, a OBA ahorow no di so no nso, na nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wobedi aguadi ne asasesin so na wɔama kɔbere ne asonse adwinni a wɔyɛ no ayɛ kɛse. Ahenni no nso hyiaa nsɛnnennen a efi Britaniafo hɔ efisɛ na wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wobenya Benin ahode. Abakɔsɛm

Abakɔsɛm

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Asetrena mu nsɛm ne ne yɛ

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Nnwinnade a ɛyɛ nwonwa no pii fi afeha a ɛto so dumiɛnsa no mu, na nnwumakuw no fa kɛse no ara fi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wɔgye di sɛ "Golden Ages" mmienu a ɛbaa Benin dadeɛ ho adwuma mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735 ⁇ 1750) nnisoɔ mu, bere a wɔn adwuma no nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn paa no[11].

A Benin Bronze depicting the Benin's Oba palace - British Museum

Benin Ahemman a na ɛwɔ nnɛyi Nigeria kesee fam mmeae a ɛda afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunkron ntam no, yɛ nneɛma ahorow te sɛ dade, kɔbere, nnua, asonse ne terra cotta a wɔayɛ no pii. Oba ahemfie a ɛwɔ Benin City, beae a wɔyɛ ahemfo nananom afɔremuka no, nso ne beae a wɔde ahemfie amanne asetra a ɛyɛ fɛ a Benin a ofi Benin, n’akofo, ahemfo ne wɔn a wɔwɔ abodin, asɔfo, ahemfie akuw no mufo ne wɔn a wɔpaw wɔn no guilds, amannɔnefo ne nnipa a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ, ne nnipa pii a wɔakora wɔn so, ne nnipa pii a wɔabom ayɛ adwuma no. Ahemfie no, adan ne adiwo a wɔaboaboa ano kɛse a ɛtrɛw no, ne beae a wɔyɛ kɔbere abopon a ɛyɛ ahinanan ɔhaha pii a mfonini ahorow a mfonini ahorow a wɔde boa wɔn ho mfonini wom no kyerɛ nnipa ne nsɛm a esisii a ɛmaa asɛnnibea no yɛɛ anigye no[12].

Ná kɔbere ne asonse nneɛma wɔ dwumadi ahorow wɔ Benin Ahemman no amanne ne ahemfie asetra mu. Wɔde dii dwuma titiriw de siesiee ahemfie a na kɔbere adwuma pii wom no.[29] Wɔde nnade a wɔde abɔ ahemfie no adum so sɛn adum no so[12]. Sɛ́ ahemfie adwinni no, na wɔn botae titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Oba, ɔsoro hene, ne n’ahemman tumi ho abakɔsɛm anuonyam anaasɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Benin (Ɔhemmaa Ɛna) no Iyoba anuonyam[13]. Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin ahenni mu no faa akwan horow pii so, a na kɔbere ne kɔbere mfrafrae ne ahene ne ɔhemmaa a wɔyɛ ahene no ti yɛ wɔn a wonim wɔn yiye. Bronze receptacles, dɔn, agude, agude, ne amanne kwan so nneɛma nso wɔ afɛfɛde su ne mfitiase su, na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔn a wɔyɛ no ahokokwaw, ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa de sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nnwuma a ɛwɔ kɔbere ne asonse a wɔayɛ no mu no kata so de[13].

Wɔ Afrika mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no, wɔyɛɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so tow nsu a ayera no ntɛm, sɛnea nhoma ahorow a efi Benin kyerɛ no. Sɛ ɔhene bi wu a, nea obesi n’ananmu no bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ kɔbere ti a nea odii n’anim no yɛe. Saa ohoni yi mu bɛyɛ 170 na ɛwɔ hɔ, na ɛno ne nea akyɛ sen biara a efi afeha a ɛto so dumien no mu[14]. Oba, anaa ɔhene no, de nneɛma a ɛyɛ den kɛse sɛ wobenya te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ, asono a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu, ne kɔbere no dii dwuma. Saa ahene yi na ɛmaa wotumi yɛɛ Benin kɔbere a ɛyɛ fɛ no; Enti, ahemfie ahorow no boaa ma wɔyɛɛ Sahara anafo fam adwinni kɛse[15]. Wɔ 1939 mu no, wohunuu ti a ɛte sɛ Benin Ahemman no de no ara pɛ wɔ Ife, Yoruba kuro kronkron no mu, a efi afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunum mu no. Saa ade a wohui yi foaa atetesɛm bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ kan a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mfoniniyɛfo a wofi IFE na wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ Benin kɔbere dade adwumayɛ ho akwan horow no so[4]. Nneɛma a wɔde yɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a ɛwɔ Benin no ho tete no kɔɔ anim bere a wɔde saa ahoni yi kyerɛw saa bere no koraa no[5].

Nnwuma ahodoɔ

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Benin kɔbere no yɛ abɔde mu de sen Afrikafo adwinni dodow no ara a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no. Wɔayɛ

kɔbere mfrafrae no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛtwe adwene asi nsonsonoe a ɛda hann ne dade ntam no so[16]. Ti ahodoɔ no mu pii su ahorow no yɛ nea ɛboro so fi abɔde mu nsusuwii mu, a aso akɛse, hwene, ne ano, a wɔde ahwɛyiye kɛse na ɛyɛ no[15]. Adeɛ a ɛda nsow paa wɔ adwuma no mu ne dadeɛ adwumayɛ ho nimdeɛ a ɛkorɔn wɔ lost-wax casting. Saa adwumfoɔ yi asefoɔ da so ara bu igue-igha, sɛ onipa a ɔde adwini a ɛfa casting ho baa Benin ahennie mu[17].

16th-century brass plaque, depicting an Oba, two kneeling attendants, and two Portuguese figures

Ade foforɔ a ɛho hia wɔ nnwuma no mu ne nea ɛyɛ soronko: na wɔde agyapade sie ma asetra mu akuw bi nkutoo, na ɛda ɔmanfo nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ katee a ɛwɔ Benin ahennie mu no adi. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, na ɔhene no nkutoo na obetumi anya nneɛma a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ, nanso, ɔbɛtumi ama ankorɛankorɛ a wɔwɔ dibea akɛse no kwan ma wɔde nneɛma a ɛtete saa adi dwuma, te sɛ akatawia a wɔde sɛn so ne nnuadewa a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ. Ná Coral nso yɛ adehye ade. Na akorade kɔn mu nkaa yɛ anuonyam ho sɛnkyerɛnne na OBA de di dwuma titire[12][18].

Ɔgyeɛ

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Wɔde afeha a ɛto so dunsia mu kɔbere baako, a ɛyɛ OBA a wɔne Europafoɔ yɛe ho mfonini no kyerɛe

wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm bi mu wɔ nneɛma 100 mu, radio so dwumadi ahorow a efii ase wɔ afe 2010 mu sɛ BBC ne Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae no ntam biakoyɛ; Wotintim no nso sɛ nhoma[19].

Hwɛ bio

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  • Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin Ahemman no mu
  • Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam Mfonini
  • Benin Nkɔmmɔbɔ Kuo a
  • Wɔfow Adwinie[20]
  • Okutor, Kɔbere a kan no na ɛwɔ Jesus College, Cambridge

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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  1. ↑ Dan Curley (2018-01-07), "The Hero in a Thousand Pieces: Antiheroes in Recent Epic Cinema", Epic Heroes on Screen, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 173–190, ISBN 978-1-4744-2451-6, retrieved 2025-06-20
  2. ↑ "God renewing the Covenant with Abraham", Original Drawings, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 17–17, 1910, ISBN 978-94-015-1565-8, retrieved 2025-06-20
  3. ↑ Sasha Furlani (2021-06-08), The Luis Medina Archive at The Art Institute of Chicago, retrieved 2025-06-20
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Benin Bronzes", Wikipedia (in English), 2025-06-20, retrieved 2025-06-20
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Francisco Huera-Huarte (2022), Mètodes experimentals en enginyeria mecànica, Publicacions URV, ISBN 978-84-8424-999-3, retrieved 2025-06-20
  6. ↑ "Llewellyn, Timothy David, (born 30 May 1947), Chairman: The Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd and supporting foundations, 2008–16 (Director, 2006; Burlington Magazine Foundation, since 2006); British School at Rome, since 2013 (Member, Council, since 2000)", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2025-06-20
  7. ↑ "Digital files stored and retrieved using DNA", Physics World, vol. 26, no. 03, pp. 5–5, 2013-03, doi:10.1088/2058-7058/26/03/10, ISSN 0953-8585, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ Muriel Verbeeck (2020), "Dan Hicks, The Brutish Museums. The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution", CeROArt, vol. 12, doi:10.4000/ceroart.8297, ISSN 1784-5092, retrieved 2025-06-20
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Frank Willett (1991-10), "Man and Metal in Ancient Nigeria: A Loan Exhibition from the British Museum", African Arts, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 89, doi:10.2307/3337049, ISSN 0001-9933, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ Ralph G. Feltham (2004-01-01), "The Diplomatic Mission", Diplomatic Handbook, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 13–23, ISBN 978-90-474-1433-9, retrieved 2025-06-20
  11. ↑ Philip A. Igbafe (1975-07), "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897–1945", The Journal of African History (in English), vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 409–429, doi:10.1017/S002185370001433X, ISSN 0021-8537, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Kate Ezra (1992), Royal art of Benin: the Perls collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art [u.a.], ISBN 978-0-8109-6414-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Barbara Plankensteiner (2007-12), "Benin—Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria", African Arts (in English), vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 74–87, doi:10.1162/afar.2007.40.4.74, ISSN 0001-9933, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ↑ Stephen Flanagan, Paul Buteux, Margaret Gowing, Peter Nailor (1984-11), "Book reviews", Survival, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 283–287, doi:10.1080/00396338408442211, ISSN 0039-6338, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Leuzinger, Johannes, Benezit Dictionary of Artists, Oxford University Press, 2011-10-31, retrieved 2025-06-20
  16. ↑ Head Office Building - January 1963-January 1965 - Front steps and sculpture outside new Head Office building - 16 January 1965, 2022-09-23, retrieved 2025-06-20
  17. ↑ Head Office Building - January 1963-January 1965 - Front steps and sculpture outside new Head Office building - 16 January 1965, 2022-09-23, retrieved 2025-06-20
  18. ↑ https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-19/cover/p3, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ↑ BBC debunks a viral image from Ireland’s The Sun, retrieved 2025-06-20
  20. ↑ Heather Kerrigan (2022), "States and the Federal Government Implement COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates and Bans : July 26, July 28, July 30, August 3, August 24, September 9, October 11, and November 4, 2021", Historic Documents of 2021, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: CQ Press, pp. 522–545, ISBN 978-1-0718-5338-2, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: horizontal tab character in |title= at position 62 (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
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