Belgian Congo

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Belgium Congo (Franse kasa: Congo Belge, a wɔbɔ no [kɔ̃ɡo bɛlʒ]; Dutch: Belgisch-Congo)^[1],

na ɛyɛ Belgium atubraman wɔ Afrika mfinimfini fi 1908 kosii 1960 mu na ɛbɛyɛɛ Republic of the Congo (Léoppoldville). Kan atubraman no gyee ne mprempren din, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) toom wɔ 1964. Atubrafo nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no fii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei mu hɔ. Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgiumfo bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Belgium aban no agyina atubrafo ntrɛwmu akyi atwa Congo Basin a na wɔmfa nni dwuma kɛse saa bere no ho ahyia. Wɔn adwene a ɛwɔ akyi no maa Leopold ankasa sii hɔ. Ɛdenam mmoa a efi Atɔe Fam aman dodow bi hɔ so no, Leopold nyaa Congo Free State ho anuonyam wɔ amanaman ntam wɔ 1885 mu^[2]. Eduruu afeha no mfitiaseɛ no, basabasayɛ

a ɔman mpanyimfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho di dwuma wɔ Congofo a wɔyɛ aborɔfo ho ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa sikasɛm mu a wɔde di dwuma ho no maa Belgium nyaa aban ananmusifo a emu yɛ den sɛ wobegye ɔman no so tumi, na ɛyɛɛ saa denam Belgium Congo a wɔyɛe wɔ 1908 mu no so. Belgium nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no gyina "atubrafo baasakoro" (Trinité Coloniale) a ɛyɛ ɔman, asɛmpatrɛfoɔ ne ankorɛankorɛ-adwumakuo anigyede so^[3]. Belgium adwadie ho anigyeɛ a wonyae no kyerɛ sɛ kapital pii sen kɔɔ Congo na amantam ankorɛankorɛ no bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ soronko. Mpɛn pii no, aban no ne ankorankoro nnwuma ho anigye bɛyɛɛ nea ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na ɔman no boaa nnwumakuw ma wobubuu adwumayɛban mu adwumayɛfo a wɔyɛ adwumaden no na woyii akwanside afoforɔ a ɛhɔfo no sɔree no firii hɔ^[3]. Wɔkyekyɛɛ atubraman no mu yɛɛ no mpanyimfo a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ nnisoɔ mu na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu pɛpɛɛpɛ sɛnea "Abibifo

The Belgian Congo (dark green) shown alongside Ruanda-Urundi (light green), 1935

nhyehyɛe" (politique indigène) a wɔahyehyɛ te. Ná eyi yɛ soronko wɔ Britania ne Franse atubrafo nhyehyɛe a wɔtaa yɛ no ho, a mpɛn pii no na wɔpɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛnyɛ tẽẽ, na ɛma atetesɛm mu akannifo kɔ so di tumi wɔ atubrafo sohwɛ mu.

Congo Free State

Ɛde besi afeha a ɛto so 19 no fa a edi akyiri no, na Europafo kakraa bi na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ Congo Basin mu. Kwae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wom, atɛkyɛ ne ɔyare mmoawa a ɛka ho ne nyarewa afoforo a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, te sɛ nna mu yare no maa ɛbɛyɛɛ tebea a ɛyɛ den sɛ Europafo bɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn di dwuma. Wɔ 1876 mu no, Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgium yɛɛ

Amanaman Ntam Afrika Fekuw no ho nhyehyɛe a na Afrikafo a wɔhwehwɛ nneɛma mu a wɔyɛ atitiriw no yɛ biako ne Europa aban ahodoɔ pii mmoa ma wɔhyɛ Afrika nhwehwɛmu ne atubrafo ho nkuran. Bere a Henry Morton Stanley hwehwɛɛ ɔmantam no mu wɔ akwantu bi a ɛbaa awiei wɔ 1878 mu akyi no, Leopold kɔhwehwɛɛ ɔkwantufo no nkyɛn na ɔfaa no sɛ ɔmmoa n’anigyede wɔ ɔmantam no mu^[4]. Na Leopold II ani abere sɛ obenya atubraman ama Belgium ansa na ɔreforo akɔ ahendwa no so mpo wɔ 1865. Belgium ɔmanfoɔ aban no ankyerɛ anigye kɛse biara wɔ ne hene no adaeso a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛkyekye ahemman no ho. Leopold a ɔpɛ anuonyam na ne tirim yɛ den no sii gyinae sɛ obedi asɛm no akyi wɔ n’ankasa akontaabu mu. Europa akansi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no maa nkurɔfoɔ nyaa ntawntawdi, titiriw wɔ Congo Basin a Europa tumi biara nkaa ho no ho. Wɔ Obubuo bosome wɔ afe 1884 mu no, Otto von Bismarck boaboaa aman 14 nhyiam bi ase (Berlin Nhyiam) sɛ wɔrekɔhwehwɛ asomdwoe ho gyinaesi a wɔde bɛma Congo tebea no. Ɛwom sɛ Berlin Nhyiam no ampene Europa tumi horow a ɛwɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no asasesin mu nsɛm so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so de, nanso ɛpenee mmara ahorow bi so de hwɛ hui sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ ɔmantam no mu a ntawntawdi biara nni mu. Mmara a wogye tom (Inter alia) Congo Basin sɛ beae a wɔtɔn nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho to so. Nanso Leopold II puei wɔ nkonimdi mu fii Berlin Nhyiam no mu[ na ne kyɛfa baako a ɔyɛ "Philanthropic" ahyehyɛde no nyaa asasesin mu kyɛfa kɛseɛ (2,344,000 km2 (905,000 sq mi)) a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ Congo Free State.

Wɔ Obubuo bosome da aɛtɔ so 18 wɔ afe 1908 mu no, Belgium Mmarahyɛ Badwa no too aba de gyinaa Congo no ano sɛ Belgium atubraman. Sohyialistfoɔ ne wɔn a wɔyɛ katee no mu dodow no ara sɔre tiaa saa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu yi denneennen na wonyaa abatow mu mfasoɔ horow a wonya fii wɔn ɔsatu a wɔde ko tia atubrafo no mu, nanso ebinom gye dii sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman no de Congo no ka ho na wɔde nnipa mmoa di dwuma ma Congofo a wɔte hɔ no. Awiei koraa no, Katolekfo MPfo baanu ne Liberal MPfo no fa bɛkaa sohyialistfo no ho ma wɔpow atubrafo mmara no (abatoɔ a ɛto so aduanan awotwe a wɔsɔre tiae) ne ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Katolekfo no nyinaa ne Liberal MP no fa a aka no penee mmara no so (aba a ɛto so aduɔkron a wɔtow maa wɔn a wɔannye wɔn ho ne ason a wɔannye wɔn antom). Saa kwan yi so no, wɔ Obubuo bosome da a ɛtɔ so 15 wɔ afe 1908 mu no, Belgium Congo bɛyɛɛ Belgium Ahemman no atubraman. Eyi yɛ bere a Ɔhene Leopold II gyaee anidasoɔ biara a ɛne sɛ wobeyi Congo mantam kɛse bi afiri aban no tumi ase denam mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so akura Congo ɔman a ɛde ne ho no fa kɛse mu sɛ Ahemman no agyapadeɛ a ɛyɛ soronko no so.

Aban no

Aban no, wɔkaa Belgium Congo nniso ho asɛm wɔ afe 1908 Atubrafoɔ Mmara no mu^[5]. Aban mpanimfoɔ tumi gyinaa Belgium atubrafoɔ nsɛm so, a atubrafo bagua bi (Conseil Atubrafoɔ) boaa no. Ná wɔn baanu nyinaa te Brussels. Belgium Mmarahyɛ Badwa no dii tumi wɔ Belgium Congo no so.

Mmeaeɛ amenyaa mmoa firiiɛ

↑ Julien Bobineau (2024), "Belgisch-Kongo und Unabhängigkeit", Handbuch Demokratische Republik Kongo, Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH, pp. 173–187, ISBN 978-3-7329-9568-4, retrieved 2025-06-20
↑ William D. Rubinstein (2014), Genocide, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-0-582-50601-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, G. N. Sanderson (1975), The Cambridge History of Africa (in English), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9, retrieved 2025-06-20{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ E. Freund, M. Krämer, D. Rokossa (1999), "Steuerang und Simulation autonomer, kooperativer Systeme", Informatik aktuell, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 198–207, ISBN 978-3-540-65192-5, retrieved 2025-06-20{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Catherine Ann Cline (1964-07-01), "Belgique et Congo: L'éLaboration de La Charte Coloniale. by Jean Stengers. [Collection "Notre passé."] (Brussels: Renaissance du Livre. 1963. Pp. 251.)", The American Historical Review, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1052–1052, doi:10.1086/ahr/69.4.1052, ISSN 1937-5239, retrieved 2025-06-20

[1] Julien Bobineau (2024), "Belgisch-Kongo und Unabhängigkeit", Handbuch Demokratische Republik Kongo, Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH, pp. 173–187, ISBN 978-3-7329-9568-4, retrieved 2025-06-20

[2] William D. Rubinstein (2014), Genocide, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-0-582-50601-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, G. N. Sanderson (1975), The Cambridge History of Africa (in English), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9, retrieved 2025-06-20{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] E. Freund, M. Krämer, D. Rokossa (1999), "Steuerang und Simulation autonomer, kooperativer Systeme", Informatik aktuell, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 198–207, ISBN 978-3-540-65192-5, retrieved 2025-06-20{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Catherine Ann Cline (1964-07-01), "Belgique et Congo: L'éLaboration de La Charte Coloniale. by Jean Stengers. [Collection "Notre passé."] (Brussels: Renaissance du Livre. 1963. Pp. 251.)", The American Historical Review, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1052–1052, doi:10.1086/ahr/69.4.1052, ISSN 1937-5239, retrieved 2025-06-20

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