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African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)

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Afrika-Amerikafo Borɔfo a wɔka wɔ kurom[1] (AAVE)[2] yɛ Borɔfo kasa ahodoɔ a wɔka wɔ kurom, titire wɔ nkuro akɛseɛ mu, a Afrika-Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma ne mpapahwekwaa ne Canadafo Abibifo bi ka ho. 4] AAVE no wɔ ne kasa mu nsɛmfua, ne ne kasa mu nsɛmfua, ne ne kasa mu nsɛmfua, AAVE no yɛ nsɛmfua a Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo a wofi mpuntuw mu no de di dwuma sɛ nsɛmfua a wɔnte ase na wɔnte ase. Nanso, wɔ kasa a wɔde di dwuma no mu no, wɔn a wɔka kasa no taa sesa kɔ Engiresi kasa a wɔde di dwuma ne nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma no mu, bere a wɔkura kasa a wɔde di dwuma no mu nsɛmfua bi a ɛnyɛ nea wɔde di dwuma no mu. 5][6] AAVE yɛ kasa a wɔaka wɔ United States nyinaa, nanso ɛnyɛ Afrika Amerikafo nyinaa kasa, na saa ara nso na wɔn a wɔka no nyinaa nyɛ Afrika Amerikafo[3][4][5].

Te sɛ Afrika-Amerikafo Borɔfo kasa ahorow no mu dodow no ara no, Afrika-Amerikafo Borɔfo kasa no ne Amerika anafo fam nsase no mu kasa ahorow no mu dodow no ara di nsɛ wɔ ne kasamu ne ne nneyɛmu mu, [1] ne titiriw Amerika anafo fam Borɔfo kasa a akyɛ no, [2] esiane bere a na Afrika-Amerikafo yɛ nkoa wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no nti.

Kasa ho abenfo hunu nsɛdi nketenkete bi wɔ AAVE, West Afrika kasa, ne Engiresi kasa a wɔde yɛ Creole kasa mu,[1][2][3][4] na mmom wɔhwɛ sɛ AAVE yɛ Engiresi kasa bi a ɛsono ne kasa mu kasa horow bi a ɛtaa kasa wɔ Southern Colonies ne akyiri yi United States anafo fam. 18] Nanso, kasa ho abenfo kakraa bi kyerɛ sɛ kasa a wɔde di dwuma no ne Afrika kasa a wɔka wɔ wiase nyinaa no wɔ nsɛdi pii ma enti anka ebetumi aba sɛ ɛyɛ kasa a wɔde di dwuma anaa kasa a wɔde di dwuma fa bi, a ɛsono Borɔfo kasa, ansa na wɔreyɛ decreolization no.[19][20][c]

N'abɔseɛ

[sesa]

Afrika-Amerikafo Borɔfo (AAVE) kasa no yɛ kasa a wɔka wɔ baabiara[6]. Berɛ a ɛda adi pefee sɛ abakɔsɛm mu abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den wɔ AAVE ne U.S. anafo fam kasa ahorow a edi kan no ntam no, AAVE asefiri da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye asɛm.

Nea kasa ho animdefo pii gye tom ne sɛ AAVE yɛ Borɔfo kasa kasa bi, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ efi Borɔfo kasa kasa ahorow bi a atwam mu na ɛnyɛ Creole kasa a efi Borɔfo mu a "wɔasan de" aba Borɔfo mu. Wɔ afe 2000 mfitiaseɛ no, Shana Poplack de adansedie adanseɛ[7][7] (atwerɛdeɛ a ɛfiri atwerɛsɛm mu) a ɛfiri Samaná ne Nova Scotia a nnipa a wɔfiri tete AAVE-kasa akuw a wɔatu kɔ hɔ mu (hwɛ: Samaná English) a ɛkyerɛ sɛ AAVE kasa a na wɔdi kan no na ɛbɛn Borɔfo kasa a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no sen AAVE kasa a ɛwɔ nkurow akɛse mu a ɛbɛn Amerika kasa a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛnnɛ kasa no yɛ nsonsonoe a ɛfiri mu bae, na ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛfiri Amerika kasa a na wɔtaa ka no mu[8].

Kasa ho nimdefo John McWhorter kyerɛ sɛ Afrika Atɔe fam kasa ahorow no nkɛntɛnso wɔ AAVE mu nnɔɔso. Bere a wobisabisaa McWhorter nsɛm wɔ Ɔman Amansan Radio dwumadi a wɔfrɛ no Talk of the Nation mu no, ɔkaa AAVE ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ "Great Britain nsase so kasa ahorow a na nkoa a wɔwɔ Amerika ka no bi efisɛ na wɔtaa ne nkoa a wɔka saa kasa no yɛ adwuma . . ". Sɛnea McWhorter kyerɛ no, kasa ho animdefo a wɔasua AAVE ase fi no nyinaa "pene so sɛ Afrika Atɔe fam nkitahodi no sua koraa"[9].

Nanso, Creole nkyerɛkyerɛ a wɔnnye ntom wɔ kasa ho nhomanimfo mu no kyerɛ sɛ, AAVE fi kasa biako anaa kasa pii a na Afrika nkoa a wɔtɔn wɔn wɔ Atlantic nkoasom mu no ka no mu, esiane sɛ na nneduafo no ka kasa horow pii nti, na ɛho behiae sɛ wonya ɔkwan foforo a wɔbɛfa so ne wɔn ho wɔn ho ne wɔn a wɔkyeree wɔn no adi nkitaho.[7] Sɛnea saa nkyerɛkyerɛ yi kyerɛ no, nnommum yi dii kan yɛɛ nea wɔfrɛ no pidgins: kasa ahorow a wɔasakra mu a ɛnyɛ den[7]. Esiane sɛ pidgins yɛ kasa ahorow a nnipa a wɔka no bɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho nti, na nkoasom yɛ tebea a ɛte saa ara[7]. Creolist John Dillard ka, sɛ nhwɛso, akoa hyɛn so panyin William Smith a ɔreka kasa ahorow a obiara nte ase a ɛwɔ Gambia nkutoo ho nsɛm no ho asɛm[7]. Ɛduruu afe 1715 mu no, wɔkyerɛɛ Afrika kasa a wɔfrɛ no pidgin ase wɔ Daniel Defoe nhoma mu, titiriw, The Life of Colonel Jacque. Wɔ afe 1721 mu no, Cotton Mather yɛɛ mmɔden a edi kan sɛ ɔbɛtwerɛ nkoa kasa wɔ nsɛm a ɔbisaa wɔn fa nsanyare ho no mu[7]. Ɛduruu Amerika Nsakrae no bere so no, na wɔn a wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔwɔ Creole kasa mu no ntumi nte wɔn ho ase. Dillard ka "nkoa kasa" ho asɛm wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no mu: "Kye, massa, wo gyaw me hɔ, me tena ha, mpataa kɛse no foro kɔ da canoe mu, ha na ɔwɔ, massa, mpataa fɛfɛ, massa; me den very grad; den me tena hɔ komm, kosi sɛ mpataa kɛse foforo bɛforo kɔ de canoe mu; nanso me da, massa, na minnyan kosi sɛ wobɛba...." Ɛnyɛ kosii Amerika Ɔmanko no bere so na aborɔfo a wɔasua nhoma pii no tee nkoa no kasa ase. Nhomanimfo no nhoma ahorow a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na ɔko no reba no yɛ nnwinnade pii a wɔde dua mu kasa a wɔfrɛ no Creole kasa yɛ. Wɔ Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870) mu no, Thomas Wentworth Higginson kaa nsɛm pii a ɛfa n'asraafo a wɔyɛ abibifo no kasa ho. Wɔn a wɔsɔre tia Creole nkyerɛkyerɛ no kyerɛ sɛ pidgin anaa Creole kasa ahorow a ɛte saa no wɔ hɔ nanso wowuwui kɛkɛ a wɔamfa wɔn ho anhyɛ AAVE kasa a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no mu tee.

Nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ɛwɔ wɔ kasa afoforɔ so

[sesa]

Afrika-Amerikafo Borɔfo a wɔde di dwuma no anya nsunsuanso wɔ Borɔfo kasa kasa afoforo mu. AAVE kasa, New York kasa, ne Spanish kasa mu kasa ahodoɔ no nyinaa aka abom ama New York Latino English kasa no abɔ, na wɔn a wɔka no bi de kasa a wontumi nhu nsonoe a ɛda AAVE kasa no ne AAVE kasa no ntam no yɛ adwuma[10]. AAVE nso anya nkɛntɛnso wɔ Chicano kasa ne Liberian Settler English mu, a efi AAVE mu tẽẽ a Afrika Amerikafo 16,000 a wotu kɔɔ Liberia wɔ afe 1800 no mu.[ 120] Wɔ United States no, nkurow mu mmabun a wɔde wɔn ho hyem wɔ hip-hop amammerɛ mu anaa wɔtwe wɔn ho fi mmusuakuw nketewa ho no nso wɔ nhwehwεmu pa a wɔde African-American Vernacular English, anaa emu nsεm atitiriw: sε nhwɛsoɔ no, South-East-Asian Americafo a wɔde wɔn ho hyem wɔ hip-hop amammerε mu[11][12].

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Edward J. Rielly (2006-04-06), "Black English Vernacular", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2025-06-21
  2. ↑ "initialism, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2023-07-19, retrieved 2025-06-21
  3. ↑ Rebecca S. Wheeler, ed. (1999), The workings of language: from prescriptions to perspectives, Westport, Conn: Praeger, ISBN 978-0-275-96245-6 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ↑ Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . AAVE . Hooked | PBS, retrieved 2025-06-21
  5. ↑ Sarah Bunin Benor (2010-04), "Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity 1", Journal of Sociolinguistics (in English), vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 159–183, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00440.x, ISSN 1360-6441, retrieved 2025-06-21 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ Lisa J. Green (2009), African American English: a linguistic introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-521-89138-7 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 "African-American Vernacular English", Wikipedia (in English), 2025-06-19, retrieved 2025-06-21
  8. ↑ Ian Hancock (2019-03-31), "A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANGLOPHONE ATLANTIC CREOLES WITH SYNTACTIC DATA FROM THIRTY-THREE REPRESENTATIVE DIALECTS", Pidgin and Creole Languages, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 310–398, ISBN 978-0-8248-8215-0, retrieved 2025-06-21
  9. ↑ Screenshot of Itunes Library - Archived Platform Itunes 2010, retrieved 2025-06-21
  10. ↑ Jennifer Bloomquist, Lisa J. Green, Sonja L. Lanehart, Renée A. Blake, Cara Shousterman, Luiza Newlin-Lukowicz (2015-07-01), "African American Language in New York City", The Oxford Handbook of African American Language, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2025-06-21{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Edmundo Luna (2007-10-23), "Language, identity, and stereotype among Southeast Asian American youth: The Other Asian. Angela Reyes. Mahwah, NJ; London: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007", Gender and Language, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 301–304, doi:10.1558/genl.v1i2.301, ISSN 1747-6321, retrieved 2025-06-21
  12. ↑ Angela Reyes (2005-11), "Appropriation of African American slang by Asian American youth 1", Journal of Sociolinguistics (in English), vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 509–532, doi:10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00304.x, ISSN 1360-6441, retrieved 2025-06-21 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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