Abibiman Nkabom Kuo Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho. (African Union Protocols on Refugee Repatriation)

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

African Union Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho. African Union (AU) a ɛyɛ ɔman a ɛhwɛ ma Afrika nyinaa bom yɛ biako, asomdwoeɛ ne ahobammɔ no ayɛ mmara ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛbɔ wɔn a wɔaguan akɔ wɔn man mu ho ban ne sɛnea wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn man mu ho. African Union (AU) mmara a ɛfa aguanfo a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom ho no gyina nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi, wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn ankasa man mu, ne nnipa a wɔwɔ aman afoforo mu biakoyɛ so, na ɛma wonya anoyi a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa a ahobammɔ, nnidie, ne asetena a edi mũ ho hia paa. Mmara mu nnyinasoɔ a Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no de yɛ adwuma ne 1969 OAU Apam a Ɛhwɛ Aguanfo Haw Ho Nsɛm So wɔ Afrika no.

Mmara nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛhwɛ atutenafoɔ a wɔsan ba no so wɔ Abibirem

Afe 1969 Abibiman Nkabom Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ So Nhyiam

Abibirem Nkabom Kuo (OAU) a seesei wɔfrɛ no Abibirem Kuo (AU) no gyee 1969 Amanaman Nkabom a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ Haw Ho Nsɛm a Ɛwɔ Afrika no toom wɔ Addis Ababa. Eyi da so ara yɛ amammu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛboa ma wɔbɔ aguanfo ho ban wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu biako^[1].

Nnoɔma atitire a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ bɛkɔ fie ho no bi ne:

Ɔpɛ: Nnyinasosɛm V (a) no kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ aguanfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsan ba fie a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma wɔsan kɔ wɔn kurom.
Anuonyam ne ahobammɔ: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde obi kɔ fie wɔ "ahobammɔ ne nidi mu."
Tripartite Agreements: Article V ((2) hyɛ nkabom ho nkuran wɔ ɔman a ofiri mu, ɔman a ɔretie no, ne UNHCR ntam de ma kwan ma wɔsan kɔ fie wɔ nhyehyɛe pa mu denam tripartite apam ahorow so^[2]^[3].

"Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔdi obi a wɔsan de no kɔ ɔman foforo so no su a ɛyɛ pɛ no ho dwuma wɔ nsɛm nyinaa mu..."^[4]

"Afrika Nnipa ne Amanamanmufo Nkorabata" (1981)

Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ aguanfo nkutoo ho asɛm de, nanso Afrika Mmara no hyɛ hokwan ahorow a ɛho hia sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba wɔn man mu no mu den:

Akwan a wɔfa so tu mpɔn (Nsɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ No 12)
Ahobammɔ a wɔde ma obi a wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ ne kurom (non-refoulement)
Sɛ obi pɛ sɛ ɔsan kɔ n'asase so a, ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔyɛ saa (Nkyekyɛm 12.2)

Kampala Apam (2009)

Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom no Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Mmoa a Wɔde Ma Wɔn a Wɔatu Afi Wɔn Man Mu (IDPs), a wɔfrɛ no Kampala Nhyehyɛe no, boa atubrafo ho ban denam wɔn a wobetumi atu afi wɔn man mu bere a wɔasan akɔ wɔn man mu no so^[5].

Nnyinasosɛm 11 no si so dua sɛ wɔn a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn afie mu no wɔ hokwan sɛ wofi wɔn pɛ mu san kɔ wɔn kurom wɔ ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.

Wɔhyɛ aman a wɔwom no sɛ wɔmmoa ma wɔsan wɔn akyi na wɔnsan nsiesie wɔn.

AU nhyehyɛeɛ ne wɔn dwumadie

African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR)

Ɔhwɛ ma wɔde Afrika Mmara no di dwuma na ɔtwe adwene si ɔman no akwan a wɔfa so ne atubrafo ne wɔn a wɔsan ba no di nsɛm no so.^[6]

African Union Commission (AUC)

Ɔne UNHCR ne amantam no bom yɛ adwuma de boa amanyɔsɛm a wɔdi ho dwuma, tumi a wɔhyɛ, ne atoyerɛnkyɛm ho mmoa.

African Centre for the Study and Research on Migration (ACSRM)

Saa bea yi a ɛwɔ Mali no yɛ nhwehwɛmu ne afotu adwuma wɔ Afrika Abibiman amammerɛ a ɛfa atubrafo ho, a wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no nso ka ho.

Dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ne nneyɛeɛ pa

AU akwankyerɛ ahodoɔ no si nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdidi soɔ yi so dua wɔ ɔsan a wɔbɛsan de aba ɔman no mu:

Akwankyerɛ: Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔsan kɔ fie anaa wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ fie denam nhyɛso anaa asiane so.
Non-Refoulement: Ɛnsɛ sɛ aman de nnipa kɔ ɔman a wɔn nkwa anaa wɔn ahofadi wɔ asiane mu.
Nsɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma aguanfo no hu tebea a ɛwɔ wɔn man mu yiye.
Apam a Wɔyɛ no Mprɛnsa: Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛwɔ aman a nnipa fi mu, aman a wogye wɔn, ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow (titiriw UNHCR) ntam no ho hia paa na ama wɔatumi asan akɔ wɔn kurom.
Adwene a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔboa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ma wonya baabi a wɔbɛtena, wɔn asetena mu nneɛma, ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wobetumi de adi dwuma.

AU ne UNHCR Nkɔmmɔbɔ

Nhyehyɛeɛ a AU ne UNHCR ayɛ no ho hia na ama wɔatumi de nkurɔfoɔ aba wɔn man mu. AU no boa:

Ɔman no Atɛn a Ɛfa atutenafoɔ Ho a Ɛne Afe 1969 Amanaman Nkabom no hyia.

Sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a wɔresan aba no.
Asomdwoeɛ a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ bea ahodoɔ a ɔko ɛsii no ɛkyiri no a wɔde bɛyɛ nnoɔma ahodoɔ bi a ɔboa ma wɔsan ba no.^[7]^[5]

Ɔhaw ahodoɔ

Ɛmfa ho sɛ mmara mu nnwinnadeɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ no, ɔhaw ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a ɛmma wɔntumi mfa Abibiman Nkabom Kuo nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ a wɔreba fie no nni dwuma yie:

Amanyɔsɛm mu basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ aman a wofi mu no ma nkurɔfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho dwo wɔn.

Ahonyadeɛ a enni mu a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn asetenam no.
Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi so yie.
Ahyeɛ so a wɔato mu ne nnipa a wɔrefiri aman foforɔ so a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm wɔ mmeaeɛ bi no ne Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa baakoyɛ ho no nhyia.

Mmuaeɛ

Amanaman Nkabom no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa atubrafo a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ho no kyerɛ sɛ wɔagye nnipa ahofadi, Afrika biakoyɛ, ne ɔmantam mu asɛyɛde atom. Afe 1969 Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Ahyehyɛde no Refugee Convention no ne Kampala Convention no ne African Charter no yɛ mmara ne abrabɔ mu nnyinaso a emu yɛ den a ɛbɛma aguanfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ayɛ nea wɔn ankasa pɛ, wɔ nidi mu, na wɔakɔ so ayɛ saa. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, esiane sɛ amammuisɛm, sikasɛm, ne ahyehyɛde ahorow no mma kwan nti, wontumi nyɛ saa. Wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, sɛ yɛpɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi ho nkuran a, ehia sɛ yɛhyɛ Afrika Aman Nkabom no tumi a wɔde hyɛ mmara ase na wɔhwɛ sɛnea wɔde yɛ adwuma no mu den.

Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

↑ G Okoth-Obbo (2001-04-01), "Conference papers. Thirty years on: a legal review of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa", Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 79–138, doi:10.1093/rsq/20.1.79, ISSN 1020-4067, retrieved 2025-06-18
↑ "4 UNHCR and Urban Refugees", The Urbanization of Forced Displacement, McGill-Queen's University Press, pp. 81–119, 2022-01-31, ISBN 978-0-2280-0935-1, retrieved 2025-06-18
↑ UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, retrieved 2025-06-18
↑ "Key Legal Considerations on the Standards of Treatment of Refugees Recognized under the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa", International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 166–172, 2018-03, doi:10.1093/ijrl/eey012, ISSN 0953-8186, retrieved 2025-06-18 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
1 2 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) | African Union, archived from the original on 2023-08-01, retrieved 2025-06-18
↑ "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights", Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Hart Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84113-092-7, retrieved 2025-06-18
↑ Namira Negm (2023-10-28), "The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (2009) (Kampala Convention)", An Introduction to the African Union Environmental Treaties, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 74–74, ISBN 978-90-04-50865-1, retrieved 2025-06-18

[1] G Okoth-Obbo (2001-04-01), "Conference papers. Thirty years on: a legal review of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa", Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 79–138, doi:10.1093/rsq/20.1.79, ISSN 1020-4067, retrieved 2025-06-18

[2] "4 UNHCR and Urban Refugees", The Urbanization of Forced Displacement, McGill-Queen's University Press, pp. 81–119, 2022-01-31, ISBN 978-0-2280-0935-1, retrieved 2025-06-18

[3] UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, retrieved 2025-06-18

[4] "Key Legal Considerations on the Standards of Treatment of Refugees Recognized under the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa", International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 166–172, 2018-03, doi:10.1093/ijrl/eey012, ISSN 0953-8186, retrieved 2025-06-18 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:0-5] 1 2 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) | African Union, archived from the original on 2023-08-01, retrieved 2025-06-18

[6] "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights", Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Hart Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84113-092-7, retrieved 2025-06-18

[7] Namira Negm (2023-10-28), "The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (2009) (Kampala Convention)", An Introduction to the African Union Environmental Treaties, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 74–74, ISBN 978-90-04-50865-1, retrieved 2025-06-18

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]