40 Acres and a Mule

General William T. Sherman, who issued the orders that were the genesis of forty acres and a mule.

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Asase a ne kɛseɛ yɛ acres aduanan ne afurum no gyina hɔ ma Special Field Orders, No. 15 (series 1865), a na ɛyɛ ɔko bere mu ahyɛde a Union ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de too gua wɔ January 16, 1865 mu, wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu, sɛ wɔmfa asase mma mmusua bi a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu, wɔ nsase a ne kɛse nnu acres 40 (16 ha). Akyiri yi, Sherman hyɛɛ asraafo no sɛ wɔmfa afurum no nyɛ adwuma wɔ asase ho nsakrae no mu. Asɛnka a Ɔsahene Edwin M. Stanton ne Radical Republican abolitionists Charles Sumner ne Thaddeus Stevens akyire no, Amerika Ɔmanko no maa nkoasom ho nhyehyɛeɛ no sɛee. Wɔhyɛɛ mmara sɛ wɔbɛfa asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 400,000 (160,000 ha) wɔ South Carolina, Georgia, ne Florida Atlantic mpoano, na wɔakyekyɛ no mu ayɛ no mpasekɛse a ne kɛse nnu eka 40 (16 ha), a na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtena hɔ ma mmusua bɛyɛ 18,000 a kan na wɔyɛ nkoa ne abibifoɔ afoforɔ a na wɔte hɔ saa bere no.

Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn ho no mu pii gye dii, bere a amanyɔfo pii ka kyerɛɛ wɔn sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wonya asase a na wɔhyɛ wɔn ma wɔyɛ mu adwuma sɛ nkoa no, na na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya wɔn ankasa agyapade. Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu no dodow no ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wobegye asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 40 no. Nanso, Abraham Lincoln a odii n'ade sɛ ɔmampanyin, Andrew Johnson, bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛsesa Sherman's wartime Order No. 15 ne nnyinasosɛm a ɛtete saa a na ɛwɔ Freedmen's Bureau no mmara a ɛto so abien no mu no.

Asase a wɔkyekyɛɛ mu no bi wɔ asraafo tumi ase wɔ ɔko no mu ne bere tiaa bi a edii ɛno akyi. Nanso, bere a wɔresan asiesie ɔman no, aban no ne ɔman no mmara sii so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ abibifo yɛ adwuma de tua wɔn ka, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔn ankasa benya asase. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asase a wɔde maa wɔn wɔ ɔko no mu no nyinaa san baa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ ansa na ɔko no reba no nsam. Abibifo akuw pii nyaa wɔn asase no so tumi, na mmusua bi nso nyaa asase foforo denam wɔn fie a wosii no so. Abibifo asase a na wɔwɔ no trɛwee kɛse wɔ Mississippi, titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu. Ná ɔmantam no wɔ asase a enni mfinimfini (asase a ɛbɛn asubɔnten bi) wɔ asubɔnten no akyi a na wɔabɔ ho adwuma ansa na ɔko no reba. Abibifo dodow no ara nyaa asase wɔ ankorankoro nhyehyɛe mu, na na wɔn agyapade no so trɛwee bɛyɛ hekta ɔpepem 6.1, anaa kilomita mpem aduonu anum wɔ afe 1910 mu, ansa na sikasɛm mu ahokyere kɛseɛ no de ɔhaw aba a ɛmaa nnipa pii hweree wɔn agyapadeɛ.

Ɛho asɛm

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African Americafoɔ hyiae nyiyim a emu yɛ den na mmara a ɛhwehwɛ nnipa mu nyiyim na ɛmma kwan sɛ wobedi nnipa mu nyiyim ho dwuma no ma wɔtenaa hɔ sɛ "abusuakuo" kuo soronko. Ansa na ɔmanko no reba no, na Afrika Amerikafo a wɔwɔ fahodi no mu dodoɔ no ara te Atifi fam, baabi a na wɔatu nkoasom ase. Ná wɔtaa bu Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo a wɔwɔ ahofadi sɛ wɔyɛ nkurɔfoɔ a wɔsɛe wɔn adwuma esiane sɛ na wɔtaa pɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma ma wonya akatua a ɛtra ase sen aborɔfo nti. Afei nso, na wobu wɔn sɛ asiane a wobetumi de aba wɔn a wɔda so ara yɛ nkoa no so. Esiane eyi nti, na wɔn a wɔagye wɔn afiri nkoasom mu no nni anigye wɔ United States mmeae pii.

Wɔ Anafoɔ fam no, na mmara a ɛfa amamfrafo ho no ama aman no kwan sɛ wɔhyɛ Afrika Amerikafo a wɔade wɔn ho sɛ wɔnyɛ adwuma, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔtɔn wɔn sɛ nkoa. Nanso, Afrika-Amerikafo a wɔagye wɔn ho atena ɔman no mu nyinaa yɛɛ nnwuma ahorow, a wɔn mu kakraa bi na na wɔwɔ wɔn ankasa mfuw a wodi yiye no. Afoforɔ tenaa Upper Canada (seesei Southern Ontario), baabi a na Asaseasease Asase Akwantuo no awieeɛ, ne Nova Scotia.

Hwɛ bio

• American Civil War
• Forty Acres and a Mule Filmworks
• Three acres and a cowa land reform slogan in Britain.
• Black land loss in the United States
• African-American history of agriculture in the United States
• Jim Crow economy